Stakeholders’ perspectives on the effectiveness of agricultural advisory sources in Ontario: a Q methodology approach

Modern market and digital forces have transformed agricultural extension into an integrated, pluralistic system across countries such as Canada.  A survey of 49 Ontario agricultural stakeholders was conducted to evaluate which advisory sources are most effective using Q-methodology. Findings reveal that stakeholders strongly prefer an integrated approach that combines formal organizations with informal peer networks over single-source options. Farmers gain the best advice through interactive, face-to-face exchanges that blend traditional guidance with shared practical experience. Policymakers should foster active collaboration among advisory actors to deliver flexible, farmer-responsive extension systems.